Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is a debilitating condition that can complicate a woman’s postpartum course.

The addition of a small amount of epinephrine to a low concentration, high volume epidural solution improves pain control and reduces the rate of breakthrough pain by half.

SGCs are now recognized players in the pathogenesis of chronic pain through the secretion of neuroactive signaling molecules and controls of nociceptive neurons.

The development of spinal pain circuits is subject to modifications by aberrant peripheral inputs that accompany tissue insults.

NaV1.6 and/or NaVβ4 may be new therapeutic targets for managing pathological pain conditions.